ENVIRONMENT: TOWARDS A BALANCED VIEW OF CLIMATE CHALLENGES

DAVID WALLACE-WELLS is a scientist-reporter on climate who recently published a summary in the New York Times. 

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/10/26/magazine/climate-change-warming-world.html

His summary  incorporates more recent data showing that climate change has moderated from previous estimates of 4-5 C. to 1-2 degrees.  Over time this will likely result in a "migration" of plant and animal species (including humans) away from equatorial to more polar regions.  "Everything will move — ecosystems, too. At two degrees, according to one study, more than 10,000 plant species would lose half their habitable area. Every place in every part of the world would essentially trade its current climate for a hotter one" The effect is to alter climate to more (current) equatorial by roughly 12 miles per year or about 600 miles is half a century.  Though measured in European studies, similar effects can be expected in the US,  where more "heat waves" and increased temperatures are expected.  While these are called "heat waves" right now,  they are more properly understood as variations in climate that make previously temperate climates more tropical and equatorial.  The transient high temperatures are the newsmedia's "heat waves".  These temperature shifts will mean enormous relocations of animal life, mostly away from the Equator and toward the poles because animals and especially humans have more limited resources for tolerating extreme heat than extreme cold.
    The changes in temperature are a "fact",  not the reported dramatic changes,  but the gradual shift in averages.  How humans respond to this is unknown.  Predictions of migrations and chaos reflect current events, and short term adjustments.  How many will move,  or use new adaptations, or simply not reproduce in those regions,  is unknown.  His statement: "Regardless of the figure, mass climate migrations will become a fact of life." is not a fact but a reflection of current trends,  which does not include factors his summary discusses. (Gaia Vince has written the book “Nomad Century.” describing climate migration that doesn’t have to look like refugee camps and border walls.)  

The ability of different regions to adapt is complex.  Wallace-Wells emphasizes the economic capacity of developed nations to create infrastructure that modifies climate effects,  giving them an advantage. "wealth will enable many places to adapt."  And most developed nations are already in temperate zones.  But less developed regions have less commitment to high consumption and energy demand lifestyles,  and might be able to accommodate to more modest changes.  And the evidence of current lifestyles suggests that affluent people are less able to adapt their lifestyles.

Some obvious changes include turning away from cars and toward biking and green space, but also public transportation with low carbon methods.  Major reconstruction of buildings will be needed to adjust to environmental change.  This is both a dramatic expense and a giant infusion of capital into the economy.  How it is paid for (charging the present or future generations) is unknown.

The differential impact on temperate and equitorial regions is inherent in world geography, but how different regions manage change is not.  And the costs of adaptation may remain local or be more globally distributed. Statements like "the continent (Africa) is already losing up to 15 percent of its economic growth because of climate change" should be viewed with caution as they are based on current economic systems,  and do not account for changes.

The changes to the ocean, including coral reefs,  will be dramatic,  but here too the question is relocation of species as much as loss of species.  The greater risk of overfishing, and other human activities,  should be addressed as part of the danger to the oceans.

The rise of sea level, (and how fast) has varied predictions.  The I.P.C.C. has given a median projection of just 47 centimeters, though other estimates are several multiples of that. And scientists worry about “tipping points” — that just two degrees of warming might trigger a feedback loop in the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets that can’t be reversed.  But these are worries not observations. "Greenland alone contains enough ice to raise sea levels by more than 20 feet; the Antarctic, considerably more. But little of that melt would come this century."  The emphasis on sea level rise is the result of the concentration of urban centers of population along coasts,  which will continue but shift inland with the rise.  These changes will have dramatic infrastructure expenses,  again with unknown methods of payment,  but they are issues of population movement and engineering, at relatively slow speed, and could be easily accommodated if individuals respond.

The issue of food is an example of not just climate but economic inequality.  Different regions of the world already have very different capacity for food production,  and people continue to live and reproduce in regions with poor and diminishing capacity.  Sending food supplies to sustain living in unsustainable places is stupid.  A global effort is needed to facilitate migration to realistic regions of food production, and accept that persons who don't move will not survive.
New agricultural methods are likely to moderate climate change impact,  and reduced consumption of certain foods would also help. Pongamia grows beans similar to soy, producing protein and oil, a company based in Alameda, Calif., has begun to plant it widely for the first time in the United States. But this does not address the unrealistic distribution of humans to limited regions of production.

Much has been made of increasing "Weather disasters". These are both "events" and "news stories".  The occurrence of fires, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, and sustained high temperatures are measurable time limited events.  They only become "disasters" when news media report the effects on humans living in regions that are vulnerable to them.  Here too, as in the situation of food, human decisions impact the role of weather and climate, and must be adjusted to accept the changes.  "Weather events that impact humans" only increase if humans continue to stay in places where they occur, thinking they can overcome Nature.   “return time,” the period between catastrophes like hurricanes and heat waves should be understood as human decisions,  not definable weather events.  The events do become more frequent as in heat waves,  or the Australian fires,  mega-storms, and severe hurricanes, but infrastructure changes and human relocation can deal with the impact of most of them.

Wallace-Wells gives special attention to the need to alter electric power generation to replace fossil fuels.  No one seems to consider the possibility that usage of electric power might change.  It helps to realize that the US was not completely wired for electricity until after WWII, that people lived by limited light sources and the sun until then,  and still do in some regions.  That the surge toward "electric cars" and transportation increases the power demand,  while decreasing the transportation load of carbon fuels, and the overall impact is not known.  Human based transportation power is only realistic if the distances are smaller,  i.e. residential/commercial relationships are closer.  This can be facilitated by internet communication,  and work-from-home activities,  especially if servers and other electronic infrastructure becomes less energy intensive.  (Bitcoin mining shows that some solutions generate more problems.)   The emphasis is on finding ways to reduce consumption of electric power and especially avoid using electric power to offset the increased heat of climate,  by construction and other techniques.  No one seems to realize that the dependence on increased use of electric power is not inevitable,  and meaningful lifestyles can occur with reductions.

It is in this framework that the goals to increase production of renewable energy sources should be viewed.  One can envision "zero balance energy accounting":  the amount of energy received on earth from the sun and gravitational forces is utilized by various techniques to provide the energy needs of the population, with minimal use of nuclear, or fossil fuel sources in special situations.  This is a fantasy,  but it illustrates the need to consider both sides of the equation:

energy demand  =  energy sources

The importance of emphasizing energy sources that do not depend on fossil fuels is not disputed.  Fossil fuels created a convenient transitional method for accessing more energy for development,  and will remain important for certain tasks.  But at the same time,  an overall strategy for reduced use of energy is needed.  Is being awake after the sun goes down an important contribution to human life and productivity?  The failure to consider lifestyle adjustment is typical of a society driven to excess.

Events like deforestation of the Amazon, melting of carbon-rich permafrost in the northern latitudes and the instability of the ice sheets might represent accelerated effects on change and must not be ignored (but are not controllable by known human interventions).   But his conclusion is balanced: "A lot, then, depends on perspective: The climate future looks darker than today but brighter than many expected not that long ago. The world is moving faster to decarbonize than it once seemed responsible to imagine, and yet not nearly fast enough to avert real turbulence. Even the straightest path to two degrees looks tumultuous, with disruptions from the natural world sufficient to call into question many of the social and political continuities that have been taken for granted for generations. "

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/10/26/magazine/visualization-climate-change-future.html

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/10/26/magazine/climate-change-warming-world.html

NEUROMIND: A CONTEMPORARY APPROACH TO MENTAL HEALTH

 I have published a book about the brain and mental health.  It is available on Amazon and Outskirts Press with the above title.  The following chapter insights give some feeling for what is included and whether the reader will be interested:

Chapter one: The brain is a biological information processing system, sending messages from region to region over defined pathways which produce, among other actions, social adaptation.

 

Chapter two: Many regions of the brain participate in social interaction, but areas containing “mirror neurons” are particularly important for mimicry and the ability to differentiate self and other.  Emotions are messages created by the social brain for group communication.

 

Chapter three: The interactions between body and brain occur in the tegmental-hypothalamic region, which regulates bodily functions,  and coordinates them with external social demands.  The interactions are often difficult to define, as in post partum syndrome.

 

Chapter four: The significance, linking sensory data with rewards, is stored in the Papez pathway through hippocampus.  Disturbances by various etiologies produce the “schizophrenias”. 

 

Chapter five: The “locking-on” process of sustained attention uses “working memory” to experience subjective awareness  (also called  consciousness)

to focus brain activities.  Psychosis occurs when focus is disturbed, and meditation and hypnosis are methods that use the process for repair.

 

Chapter six: The executive choice system includes both attention processes in chapter five and the prefrontal regions, where multiple pathways converge to select behaviors.  The “choice” of behavior is transmitted through basal ganglia nuclei that have previously learned and stored sequences to be activated.

 

Personality is the pattern of learned social interactions,  (the analogy to posture in response to gravity),  stored in basal ganglia pathways,  which may be altered by experience. 

 

Chapter seven: The two primary social learning experiences are primary attachment  and sexuality.  Detailed studies of attachment have been performed and related to borderline syndrome.  The factors regulating the patterns of sexual identity and behavior have been poorly researched, and are not understood.

 

Chapter eight:  The response to danger is organized over pathways from amygdala to other brain regions, similar to the hippocampal papez circuit.  The five aspects of amygdala response can be related to five clinical patterns seen in anxiety disorders, including PTSD.  Aggression also originates in amygdala but its control is poorly understood.

 

 

 

Chapter nine: Addiction is the “hijacking” of the motivation system by non survival motivation.  This was traditionally focused on chemical substances, but other behaviors may also result in maladaptive motivation.  Multiple factors contribute to the vulnerability.

 

Chapter ten: The revised diagnostic system is based on the function of the pathways responsible for adaptive behavior,  and the disturbances, called etiologies, that alter them, including social factors.  Illness is measured by the severity of impaired adaptation, not the presence of symptoms.  Adaptation is bidirectional both superior and impaired adaptation.

 

Chapter eleven:  Psychopharmacology, the preferred intervention at present,  involves three decisions: Does the medication work (and how?)?  What is the balance of intended and other effects?  When should the medication be discontinued?  There is confusion in dealing with each one.

 

Chapter twelve: Altering pathways by input of information (psychotherapy, etc) involves five factors:  the level of interpersonal interaction, the balance of verbal and non-verbal information,  the channels of communication, the balance of cognitive and emotional focus,  and the extend of control of process (agency) by the client or programmer.  No current system of treatments attempts to balance these in therapist and client, and evaluate the results.

COYOTES, DEER, BEARS, AND HUMANS

 A current story in LA TIMES explores the struggle to deal with the prevalence of coyotes in the city.

https://www.latimes.com/environment/story/2022-09-20/southern-california-coyotes-population-escalating-war

The many pets which have been eaten by these visitors could all have been protected by not letting them out at night,  so it is hard to see how this is simply an issue of the coyotes.  An occasional child may also be at risk, but then a child walking at night without an adult should either understand the risk, or is too young to be walking alone.

All over the country, cities struggle with the expanding deer population and their consumption of ornamental plantings.  There are plants that deer will not eat,  and there are fences deer cannot cross,  but humans tend to see the issue as a deer problem,  rather than the interaction of humans and deer.

In mountain communities all over the country,  bears are sometime visitors to town garbage sites,  and occasionally to home swimming pools and other human habitations.  Bears see the encroachment of human dwellings as a possible new source of food,  and do not distinguish between natural and artificial watering holes (at least until they try to drink the water).

(And by the way, our house,  and many others are occasionally visited by raccoons looking for food supplies.)

All these stories address the human confusion about the relationship between humans (us) and other animals living in the same space. THIS IS NOT A NEW PROBLEM!!  Humans have always shared the land with other animals!!  As local regions became densely urban, the animal population changed from large mammals, to cockroaches, other insects,  birds,  and rats (small mammals).  People attempt to isolate these smaller pests from their interior spaces by construction, and other methods,  and the illusion that there is a zone of humans and a zone of non-human life is created.  As humans move out into suburbs, and ex-urbs, the interaction with larger mammals returns, the humans are surprised that this occurs,  and write newspaper stories about it.  No one seems to notice that the humans moved into the animal spaces,  not the other way around.

To make the story even more peculiar,  animals like mountain lions in the Santa Monica mountains are now rare and forage across highways to find food and are sometimes killed by cars.  So the region is building an animal crosswalk over the highway to allow them to safely cross!!  This will give them access to more mountain regions,  and also wealthy neighborhoods where they have been tracked visiting on monitors.

Some animals are pests because they intrude into our lives and some are precious and need protection (even though they are more dangerous to humans).  The simple message is that humans have lost the understanding of how to live with other species,  how to set boundaries,  and how the boundaries change when living in different habitats.  Though it is often presented in this way,  it is not a problem of animals (except that human activities have eliminated some of their predators).  It is a problem of humans who became so "urbanized" that we lost the knowledge of how to manage our boundaries with animals.  

Robert Frost: Good fences make good neighbors.  Also applies here.

WHITE FRAGILITY

The book WHITE FRAGILITY describes the response of many Caucasian (from now on WHITE) Americans when accused of being racist.  The book describes a syndrome of denial and rejection in individuals who consider themselves to be "liberal minded" and support the rights of minorities.  Published in 2020,  the author has been lecturing and training on this topic for several years with organizations seeking to improve their relationships with minorities.  She is professor in social work at the U of Washington. (https://www.robindiangelo.com/about-me/).  

The book is troubling to many WHITE readers who perceive themselves to be supportive of minorities, particularly toward African-Americans (AA), and their denial becomes the symptom of the problem, at least according to diAngelo.  The book poses an interesting dichotomy: Racists are people who are prejudiced against AA and readily state this, sometimes indirectly (they are inferior, and therefore don't deserve, etc..). Deniers ("fragile whites") are WHITE people who claim to be unprejudiced because they don't perceive their own biases.  And then perhaps there is a third group of positive-prejudiced (PP) who recognize they are prejudiced and try to avoid being unfair.  They are distinguished from racists who use their prejudice to justify hostile acts against AA,  but it is not entirely clear how they are distinguished from deniers.  If a denier admits to some feelings of prejudice do they cease being a denier?  If a PP makes a decision that does not favor an AA, is that evidence that they are not a full PP?  And who makes these decisions?  

DiAngelo gives workshops and trainings which claim to help WHITE people who are "white fragility" PP to recognize themselves and begin to adjust their perceptions.  But what if they disagree?  Are they wrong or is diAngelo?  Who decides?  It seems that her contention is that all WHITES have "white fragility" and there are really no PP,  so the answer is simple. But is it?  Is that so?  According to....?

Regardless of her thesis, and whether it has any validity (in what sense?),  the book raises a valuable question about the difficulties in considering minorities within a society.  Those who remember the 1960s Civil Rights Era will recall that President Kennedy was reluctantly pressing the Southern States to integrate their schools,  while his home city of Boston had almost total segregation, not by law but by geographic district boundaries.  Southern Governors were certainly acknowledged Racists, but Kennedy and his initiative reflected his PP that southern schools were segregated,  but not Boston's.  There are many other examples one might cite, which continue to the present.

The  labor necessary to develop the United States,  including construction of major buildings and the capitol in DC, farming plantations in the Southern US,  and construction of the railroads, and agricultural development and mining in the West--- all depended on slave labor, or very poorly compensated, near slave labor.  One group of persons exploited another group using them to perform arduous labor. (If anyone contests this, they are none of the above categories,  just uninformed.)  The question is whether this exploitation is justified by the inferiority of the group (Racist), or it happened and was unfortunate, but I didn't do it, PP, or it happened,  somebody's ancestors did it, and it is unclear how to "accommodate" it in the present.  Perhaps the stupidest response is tearing down monuments.  The monuments of exploitation, both the Civil War monuments,  and the golden spike of Promontory Point,  are the evidence of the past, and tearing them down only obscures the reality and allows future generations to deny it.  Monuments of exploitation should be modified to acknowledge the full historical significance.  (The great honor of the golden spike at Promontory Point joining the two railroad constructions and linking the country did not mention the horrible conditions and danger of Chinese laborers from the West, or the blacks, both free and slave, who worked from the East ("John Henry he could hammer..."). 

The broader question is the issue of rewriting the national history.  At no time in my education,  was I taught that slaves played a role in my home state of Penna.  Nor was I told of the complex role of Native Americans  trying to play off the British and French to protect their homelands.  My college history (the little I studied) was Euro-centric, and never mentioned that there were ancient civilizations in Mexico and the Western US because their evidence was archeology,  not written texts.  Interesting.

The United States in which we live is a far more complex cultural soup than any of our current educational formulations.  A thorough multicultural history of the US does not exist.  The great interest Liberals showed in Lepore's THESE TRUTHS is entirely based on her formulation of the factors producing the current unrest in the country; the book never mentions the Spanish mission history, the role of Chinese Labor in building the railroad and other labor from the West, or the complex economic and political history of the settlement of the West.  The oil industry gets one reference related to the Nixon campaign!  The 792 text pages are an obsessional view of the importance of Washington, DC and the people in it,  the documents it produced over time,  and the well known historical events that have left a scar in the culture.  The other events and complex history, most of it outside of DC,  are never mentioned.  Her long analysis of FDR and the importance of his use of radio, does not mention the Golden Gate Bridge, or Hoover Dam, two of the great accomplishments that have changed the West and the country.  A historian who writes a history of documents, and an interpretation of how they influence the country should be evaluated as such, not credited with a broad analysis of the factors that influence the country.

The conflicts going on the schools reflect this confusion.  What history of the US should children learn?  The history of Ohio?  Of Mississippi?  Should every school teach important details of the history of each state?  Who decides the important details?  Where was all the Liberal outrage about the poor quality of education about AA in the 1990s?  How has it suddenly been discovered?  Which other minorities are launching similar campaigns to get their history and role in the country appreciated?  (How many people know the history behind John Ford's movie "The Searchers"? Read "Empire of the Summer Moon").

The point is that every political entity tries to formulate a "consensus consciousness" (Tart) about the people, places, and events that are the unifying features of the culture. (Monarchs are useful tools, as illustrated by the recent death of the queen.)  This consensus is breaking down in the US today,  and a different consensus will be formed probably using social media and other new forms of communication.  (It won't come by radio, despite the influence of certain radio personalities.)

The stupid thing about "White Fragility" is its attempt to reformulate one narrow perspective of a certain group without considering the broader context in which it occurs.  The positive aspect of "White Fragility" is that it points out that everyone, in every group, has perspectives influenced by their group experience,  and forming an integrative "country story" will be a long and complex process.  No one group is entitled to be the scribe of the "actual" history of the US, though this seemed to be the case for more than a century.

GETTING "BACK TO NATURE"

I have  been on an "intellectual journey" which I cannot recommend.  I am blogging it here, in case anyone is interested.

When we moved to California, one of the attractions was the proximity of many  beautiful natural landscapes.  I had visited  before and seen a few sights,  which,  along with Sierra Club photo books, only whetted my appetite.  After settling in, we visited many of the places,  enjoyed the views, and I was stimulated to understand more about what I was seeing.

This led to an effort to become an amateur "naturalist".  I read about the geology examples of dramatic local scenery.  I read about, and went to observe, the Fault, and its cousins,  as well as feeling their grunts from time to time.

I tried to get familiar with, and identify, the odd local plants I had never seen in the East,  (some of which were not native, after all),  animals that chose to show themselves, on land and water, and a profusion of birds,   especially shore birds.  There are few places in the US or world,  where you can drive less than two hours to the ocean, the desert, and mountains 8-12000 feet.  For a neophyte naturalist it is truly overwhelming,  but fun.

 Soon I was learning that trees are not "things" but complex communities in which the members communicate and interact.  And there are even unitary communities, like the aspens' "Pando".

And I read books by naturalists like Childs, who gave a dramatic description of going through the local desert, and the effects of water and its absence.  He also wrote about the native people who inhabited and survived in these locations long before John Muir and other Europeans were extolling their beauty.  (Once in Bryce looking at the formations,  another tourist, struck with the beauty, said "I wonder who was the first person to discover this place." To which I answered, "It wasn't a white person.")

You cannot be overwhelmed by the beauty for long before you notice that there are a lot of other people at many of these lovely places.  And you notice that some of the areas around the parks are relatively natural forests, or desert lands,  but  human development is encroaching  everywhere. 

So, of course,  I began to think about how humans are altering the climate,  creating extinctions,  causing the dolphins to come onshore to die---the whole anthropocene mess-- surveyed by Kolbert.  Her book is sensationalist which fits with its mission of advocacy,  but it is also disconnected and seems to lack a core.

This led me to a "real biologist's view" Dunn's NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FUTURE.  (In case you are wondering, I have not written this blog to encourage anyone to read these books.)  Dunn surveys many examples of natural and urban organisms who are "evolving" in dramatic ways,  often only observable in complex studies.  There are "islands" of rats in urban parks,  and the collapse of bee colonies,  and many other examples (not all of them depressing).

When I step back to look at my journey,  I realize that the natural beauty of these places in our world has not gone away,  but my vision of them has changed.  My mind imagines the intricate interdependence of species  and environment (even when I can't see them, or understand the processes).  How easy it is to alter and disrupt the relationships, with the good intention of growing more food,  or eradicating malaria, or some other human  outcome. 

I see the beauty but I also see and feel the ways in which that world and my world are not connected.  And I wonder what to do about it,  and doubt that it is simply about protesting, or driving an electric vehicle.  

If we end up in Mad Max's world,  it will eventually be taken over by insects and microbes.  

But Bryce will still be there with its beautiful formations.

WHAT IS SCHOOL FOR?

 Covid has interrupted a year or more of  the continuity of education withe unknown consequences for the children affected,  but it helps them  appreciate the importance of engaging in school;  an appreciation that is difficult to convey in any other way. Perhaps the major benefit of the Covid epidemic is recognizing that American schools are not appreciated or supported.  

Today's NYT  (9/4/22) has a special section on schools (https://www.nytimes.com/section/todayspaper#sundayreview).  Contributors ask is school for: "everyone",  "social mobility", "learning to read",  "care", "us" (minorities),  "merit", "wasting time and money", "making citizens",  "hope", "connecting to Nature", "becoming school activists", and 12 teachers comment on the situation of public schools.  A simple answer is that schools are the institution of a complex society to prepare the younger members to take on the adult roles of the society.  This answer fits with all societies, large and small,  a necessary social function of every community. A problem with this answer is that not all children engage with school in the same way, or receive the same benefits,  and so schools prioritize what they provide to students with inconsistent results.   The many purposes of school that the writers identify are all included in the education of private funded schools,  so it seems clear that the question of priorities is not about what schools should do,  but what schools should be paid to do, and who should pay?  

The simple answer,  like private schools,  is that the local community should agree on what to pay for their schools, and what to provide in services and instruction.  Property taxes and school boards seem to answer this problem until it becomes clear that many services can only be provided effectively in large school populations,  and so "unified school districts" extend over large regions and conflicting interests impact school boards.  This should solve the problem of size and scale but it doesn't.  People complain about the cost of schools and blame teacher's salaries (and their unions) and the lack of adequate teachers,  but the bottom line is really money and exclusion.  Despite efforts to integrate and balance districts with different economic groups,  school districts still are separated by their included population, and parents intentionally move to areas and districts with "a better class of people" and "better schools".  This is a racial and social class issue,  but it is really a money issue: people do not want to dilute their school taxes to include people who pay less for their schooling.  This issue has never been effectively solved anywhere in the country.

But even better funded school systems are having trouble affording a wide range of educational services.  The disappearance of arts,  music, and other "special programs" indicates that in order to prioritize the "three Rs" other educational components must be sacrificed.  Though teachers get the blame,  it is hard to imagine that this low paid group is really the problem.  

The deeper problem is capitalism and "human resources".  Any society that is solely motivated by the accumulation of capital and the ROI (return on investment) of capital,  will see "human resources" not as a separate source of value but as a component in the process of ROI.  This is obvious to anyone who has ever worked in a large corporate setting, but is often unappreciated by the general public.  For the average homeowner,  the tax that pays for schools is a cost of ownership with no direct ROI.  Yes, it helps property values,  but these are varying and unpredictable and cannot compensate for the accumulated loss in taxes.  Does anyone ever say: "I want to pay more school taxes to improve the quality of public education in my region."? If they have,  I have not found any record of it.

The most ludicrous intervention is Federal Education policies.  The idea that a small group of bureaucrats in Washington DC can intuit how to distribute income tax money  to differentially benefit multiple school systems is ridiculous.  The assumption that Federal Education policies insure a general level of quality education is a laudable ideal with no evidence that it has ever been accomplished.  Placing deVos as the head of Education in the last administration is a clear indication that at least some people see this as merely an opportunity for facilitating private investment.

What is School For?  is part of a greater issue in contemporary society: What are children for?  It appears that the major role of children and teens is to become socialized to consume goods and services that drive the economy, to train them to become aggressive consumers by having them watch as much advertising as possible,  and buying, or motivate their parents to buy, as much disposable product,  including media,  as possible.  The tasks of preparing children to become leaders,  scientists,  spiritual guides,  and most important,  effective parents,  are secondary.  This is also how youth are exploited in for profit education programs that pretend to provide alternative education opportunities,  but are empty promises.  (Not all, but most are.)

Recent US history exemplifies leaders whose major priority is enriching themselves,  and this is also characteristic of many of the wealthiest in our country who care more about putting their money into super-yachts and grand estates,  and not  returning wealth to enhance the education of the society, as occurred in earlier generations.  America has succeeded in educating a group of people to believe that the only important value is accumulating more capital.  I do not think this is a long term basis for any society.  

CRISPR EDITING AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

 Today's NYT has a brief interview with the woman who discovered (developed?) gene editing, for which she was awarded a Nobel prize. (The prize named for the discoverer of dynamite.)

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/08/15/magazine/jennifer-doudna-crispr-interview.html?smid=url-share

Dr Doudna is aware of the potential dangers of the technology,  but suggests in the interview that a gradual process of exploration will lead to useful modifications of the genome in plants, animals, and humans.  She gives an example of a CRISPR tomato about to  be approved in Japan,  while ignoring the already intense controversy over GMO by more ordinary techniques.  Her views on the potential benefits for food production must be weighed against the trend in for profit companies to manufacture GMO designed for profitability and control of use,  as much as for value in production.  And the long term health effects of these products remain unclear because there is no requirement for research funding in the 5+ year range (not to mention the 70+ years of a human life).  She talks about the potential for modifying disease carrying mosquitoes,  and some non-reproducing species are already being released,  but these organisms are part of complex food chains with birds and other animals,  and prioritizing the danger to humans ignores these other ecological consequences.  She suggests the potential benefit for modifying the genes for cardiovascular disease (or cancer?) illustrating the basic problem of medical genetic thinking:  There are no (few?) genes for diseases.  Viewing them in this way is an artifact of medical research.  Evolution selects genes for adaptation,  and multiple genes combine to provide adaptive capacity in a given environment.  The "negative" health consequences are the result of balanced effects that are positive,  and interaction with life behaviors, diet, etc.  "Eliminating" specific genes may give one benefit while creating other major problems,  like the negative muscle effects of statin drugs in many individuals.

Genetic manipulation by intentional human decision has been occurring for thousands of years in selection of plants, and cross breeding,  long before Mendel described the patterns.  As the process becomes a more direct modification of specific loci,  the need to understand the complex effects becomes more urgent.  As the organisms involved have longer lifespans,  the accumulated consequences must be studied and understood.  In the current climate of financially driven research,  this more objective, long term perspective is harder to fund and maintain, with dire consequences.  The problem is not CRISPR,  the problem is that making ROI (return on investment) the basis for genetic evolutionary modifications is not a good idea.